The last ability triggers only if Ugin's Binding is in your graveyard as you cast the colorless spell. That ability will resolve before the colorless spell does. If the colorless spell is countered or otherwise leaves the stack in response to Ugin's Binding's triggered ability, the ability will still resolve as normal.

A card with devoid is just colorless. It's not colorless and the colors of mana in its mana cost.

Other cards and abilities can give a card with devoid a color. If that happens, it's just the new color, not that color and colorless.

Devoid works in all zones, not just on the battlefield.

If a card loses devoid, it will still be colorless. This is because effects that change an object's color (like the one created by devoid) are considered before the object loses devoid.

Devoid doesn't affect the color identity of the card for the purposes of the Commander variant. For example, while Abstruse Appropriation is colorless because it has devoid, its color identity is still white and black, and it can't be included in a Commander deck where the commander's color identity doesn't include both white and black.